Hydroxide ions can displace most halogens on carbon chains to produce a(n) alcohol. R-H + X 2 → R-X + HX alkane halogen halocarbon hydrogen halideġ6. Label the compounds in this generalized halogenation reaction. another atom or group of atoms are called substitution 1 5. Organic reactions that involve the replacement of one atom or group of atoms with reactions. Is the following sentence true or false? The products of organic reactions are often a complex mixture of compounds. Why do reactions involving organic compounds often proceed more slowly than those involving inorganic molecules and ions? These reactions commonly involve the breaking of relatively strong covalent bonds.ġ3. What is an aryl halide? It is a halocarbon in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an arene ring.
What uses do halogenated hydrocarbons have? They can be used as refrigerants, as solvents, or as ingredients of elastomers.ġ1. Highly halogenated organic compounds have higher boiling points because of van der Waal interactions. The second part of a halocarbon common name ends with -ideĩ. A halogen attached to a carbon of an aliphatic chain produces a halocarbon called a(n) alkyl halide. Give the IUPAC and common names for the following halocarbons.ħ. What are halocarbons? Halocarbons are a class of organic compounds containing covalently bonded fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.Ħ. Name two compound types that have a carbonyl group as a functional group. Name the functional group for each general structure.Ĥ. Use Table 23.1 to answer Questions 3 and 4. What is a functional group? It is a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions. Is the following sentence true or false? The saturated hydrocarbon skeletons of organic molecules are chemically reactive. Type of reactionĪfter reading Lesson 23.1, complete the following questions.įunctional Groups 1. ▶▶ Halocarbons can be converted to other halocarbons, amines, or ethers by similar substitution reactions. ▶▶ A catalyst, such as iron, is often used in the halogenation of aromatic compounds.
▶▶ A halocarbon is produced when a halogen atom replaces a hydrogen atom on an alkane. Substitution Reactions A substitution reaction can be used to introduce functional groups into organic compounds. ▶▶ Common names of halocarbons begin with the name of the alkyl or aryl group and end with the name of the halogen with an -ide ending. ▶▶ When a halogen is attached to an aliphatic chain, it is called an alkyl halide when attached to an arene ring, it is an aryl halide. ▶▶ The general formula of a halocarbon is RX, where X is a halogen substituent. Halocarbons A halocarbon is an organic compound that contains a halogen as itsįunctional group. ▶▶ Organic compounds can be classified according to their functional groups. ▶▶ Substituents called functional groups are often attached to hydrocarbon chains or rings. Lesson Summary Functional Groups A functional group is a chemically functional part of an organicĬompound. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates.O R-C-H O R-C-R O R-C-OH O R-C-O-R O R R-C-N-RĮXTENSION Write an example for each type of compound based on ethane (C2H6).Įxamples: C2H5Cl, C2H5OH, (C2H5)2O, C2H5NH2, C2H4O, (C2H5)2CO, CH3COOH, CH3COOCH2CH3, and CH3CONH2 Compound typeĪldehyde ketone carboxylic acid ester amide As you read, ask yourself, “How are they similar? How are they different?” As you read Lesson 23.1, use the compare and contrast table below to differentiate among functional groups. Reading Strategy Compare and Contrast Organizing information in a table helps you compare andĬontrast several topics at one time, such as the types of functional groups. For students using the Foundation edition, assign problems 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 13–16.Įssential Understanding Most organic compounds contain chemically reactive components
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